概述

威格士柱塞泵柱塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動總行程L是不變的，由凸輪的升程決定。柱塞每循環(huán)的供油量大小取決于供油行程,供油行程不受凸輪軸控制是可變的。供油開始時刻不隨供油行程的變化而變化。轉(zhuǎn)動柱塞可改變供油終了時刻，從而改變供油量。柱塞泵工作時，在噴油泵凸輪軸上的凸輪與柱塞彈簧的作用下，迫使柱塞作上、下往復(fù)運(yùn)動，從而完成泵油任務(wù)，泵油過程可分為以下三個階段。

進(jìn)油過程

當(dāng)凸輪的凸起部分轉(zhuǎn)過去后，在彈簧力的作用下，柱塞向下運(yùn)動，柱塞上部空間(稱為泵油室)產(chǎn)生真空度，當(dāng)柱塞上端面把柱塞套上的進(jìn)油孔打開后，充滿在油泵上體油道內(nèi)的柴油經(jīng)油孔進(jìn)入泵油室，柱塞運(yùn)動到下止點，進(jìn)油結(jié)束。

供油過程

當(dāng)凸輪軸轉(zhuǎn)到凸輪的凸起部分頂起滾輪體時，柱塞彈簧被壓縮，柱塞向上運(yùn)動，燃油受壓，一部分燃油經(jīng)油孔流回噴油泵上體油腔。當(dāng)柱塞頂面遮住套筒上進(jìn)油孔的上緣時，由于柱塞和套筒的配合間隙很小(0.0015-0.0025mm)使柱塞頂部的泵油室成為一個密封油腔，柱塞繼續(xù)上升，泵油室內(nèi)的油壓迅速升高，泵油壓力>出油閥彈簧力+高壓油管剩余壓力時，推開出油閥，高壓柴油經(jīng)出油閥進(jìn)入高壓油管，通過噴油器噴入燃燒室。

回油過程

柱塞向上供油，當(dāng)上行到柱塞上的斜槽(停供邊)與套筒上的回油孔相通時，泵油室低壓油路便與柱塞頭部的中孔和徑向孔及斜槽溝通，油壓驟然下降，出油閥在彈簧力的作用下迅速關(guān)閉，停止供油。此后柱塞還要上行，當(dāng)凸輪的凸起部分轉(zhuǎn)過去后，在彈簧的作用下，柱塞又下行。此時便開始了下一個循環(huán)。

柱塞泵以一個柱塞為原理介紹，一個柱塞泵上有兩個單向閥，并且方向相反，柱塞向一個方向運(yùn)動時缸內(nèi)出現(xiàn)負(fù)壓，這時一個單向閥打開液體被吸入缸內(nèi)，柱塞向另一個方向運(yùn)動時，將液體壓縮后另一個單向閥被打開，被吸入缸內(nèi)的液體被排出。這種工作方式連續(xù)運(yùn)動后就形成了連續(xù)供油。

柱塞泵的維護(hù)

威格士斜盤式軸向柱塞泵一般采用缸體轉(zhuǎn)動、端面配流的形式。缸體端面上鑲有一塊由雙金屬板與鋼配油盤組成的摩擦副，而且大多數(shù)是采用平面配流的方法，所以維修比較方便。配油盤是軸向柱塞泵的關(guān)鍵部件之一，泵工作時，一方面工作腔的高壓油把缸體推向配油盤，另一方面配油盤和缸體間的油膜壓力形成對缸體的液壓反推力使缸體背離配油盤。缸體對配油盤的設(shè)計液壓壓緊力Fn略大于配油盤對缸體的液壓反推力Ff，即Fn/Ff=1.05~1.1，使泵工作正常并保持較高的容積效率。 實際上，由于油液的污染，往往使配油盤與缸體之間產(chǎn)生輕微磨損。

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