概述

威格士柱塞泵柱塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)總行程L是不變的，由凸輪的升程決定。柱塞每循環(huán)的供油量大小取決于供油行程,供油行程不受凸輪軸控制是可變的。供油開(kāi)始時(shí)刻不隨供油行程的變化而變化。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)柱塞可改變供油終了時(shí)刻，從而改變供油量。柱塞泵工作時(shí)，在噴油泵凸輪軸上的凸輪與柱塞彈簧的作用下，迫使柱塞作上、下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，從而完成泵油任務(wù)，泵油過(guò)程可分為以下三個(gè)階段。

進(jìn)油過(guò)程

當(dāng)凸輪的凸起部分轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去后，在彈簧力的作用下，柱塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，柱塞上部空間(稱為泵油室)產(chǎn)生真空度，當(dāng)柱塞上端面把柱塞套上的進(jìn)油孔打開(kāi)后，充滿在油泵上體油道內(nèi)的柴油經(jīng)油孔進(jìn)入泵油室，柱塞運(yùn)動(dòng)到下止點(diǎn)，進(jìn)油結(jié)束。

供油過(guò)程

當(dāng)凸輪軸轉(zhuǎn)到凸輪的凸起部分頂起滾輪體時(shí)，柱塞彈簧被壓縮，柱塞向上運(yùn)動(dòng)，燃油受壓，一部分燃油經(jīng)油孔流回噴油泵上體油腔。當(dāng)柱塞頂面遮住套筒上進(jìn)油孔的上緣時(shí)，由于柱塞和套筒的配合間隙很小(0.0015-0.0025mm)使柱塞頂部的泵油室成為一個(gè)密封油腔，柱塞繼續(xù)上升，泵油室內(nèi)的油壓迅速升高，泵油壓力>出油閥彈簧力+高壓油管剩余壓力時(shí)，推開(kāi)出油閥，高壓柴油經(jīng)出油閥進(jìn)入高壓油管，通過(guò)噴油器噴入燃燒室。

回油過(guò)程

柱塞向上供油，當(dāng)上行到柱塞上的斜槽(停供邊)與套筒上的回油孔相通時(shí)，泵油室低壓油路便與柱塞頭部的中孔和徑向孔及斜槽溝通，油壓驟然下降，出油閥在彈簧力的作用下迅速關(guān)閉，停止供油。此后柱塞還要上行，當(dāng)凸輪的凸起部分轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去后，在彈簧的作用下，柱塞又下行。此時(shí)便開(kāi)始了下一個(gè)循環(huán)。

柱塞泵以一個(gè)柱塞為原理介紹，一個(gè)柱塞泵上有兩個(gè)單向閥，并且方向相反，柱塞向一個(gè)方向運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)缸內(nèi)出現(xiàn)負(fù)壓，這時(shí)一個(gè)單向閥打開(kāi)液體被吸入缸內(nèi)，柱塞向另一個(gè)方向運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，將液體壓縮后另一個(gè)單向閥被打開(kāi)，被吸入缸內(nèi)的液體被排出。這種工作方式連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)后就形成了連續(xù)供油。

柱塞泵的維護(hù)

威格士斜盤式軸向柱塞泵一般采用缸體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、端面配流的形式。缸體端面上鑲有一塊由雙金屬板與鋼配油盤組成的摩擦副，而且大多數(shù)是采用平面配流的方法，所以維修比較方便。配油盤是軸向柱塞泵的關(guān)鍵部件之一，泵工作時(shí)，一方面工作腔的高壓油把缸體推向配油盤，另一方面配油盤和缸體間的油膜壓力形成對(duì)缸體的液壓反推力使缸體背離配油盤。缸體對(duì)配油盤的設(shè)計(jì)液壓壓緊力Fn略大于配油盤對(duì)缸體的液壓反推力Ff，即Fn/Ff=1.05~1.1，使泵工作正常并保持較高的容積效率。 實(shí)際上，由于油液的污染，往往使配油盤與缸體之間產(chǎn)生輕微磨損。

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